Some fun with 16 RGB LEDs and a Raspberry 3.14159

RGB LEDs consist of a red, a green and a blue LED conveniently encapsulated in one package. Theoretically one such should be able to produce any colour of the rainbow, but I have restricted my project  – for reasons explained later – to just red, green, blue, cyan magenta, yellow and white.

The project uses my 5 in 16 out Raspberry Pi interface. The output GPIO lines are 2, 3, 4, 17,27,22,10,9,11,7,8,25,24,23,18 and 15. Any interface providing these lines should be a suitable substitute for my little effort.

Some fun with 16 RGB LEDs and a Raspberry 3.14159The circuit

I only managed to buy a packet of 50 common cathode LEDs. As the output logic of my interface board is of the current sinking type, I had to use a little trick to switch 16 LEDs. The circuit diagram of four of them is below, to demonstrate the principle.

The diagram shows four LEDs each one containing a red, green and blue semi conductor in one row of the arrangement. The final circuit uses four rows like the one above. Notice that the LEDs are switched in parallel – which is usually not a very good idea but it worked out very well indeed in this case. The anodes of the LEDs are connected to current limiting resistor. The anodes are also connected to three of the GPIO ports. To turn an LEDs ON, Ports 1  to n3 have to go high. This allows current to flow through the LEDs. To turn them OFF, Port 1 to 3 go low. Current will now flow from the supply through the current limiting resistors into the ports and because the LEDs need a turn-on voltage of more than a volt, they will be OFF.

This means of course that the circuit will use power in both the ON and the OFF state. To prevent this, the cathodes of each of the four rows of LEDs are connected to another GPIO port. When Port 2 is low, its row of LEDs in ON, when it goes high, no current will be consumed and all four LEDs are OFF.

This roundabout procedure was forced on me by the fact that I couldn’t buy common anode LEDs.

Some fun with 16 RGB LEDs and a Raspberry 3.14159 Circuithe pcb on the left might make things a bit clearer. I did not feel like drawing a complete circuit diagram with all those LEDs (48 all told!). The LEDs of the top row are connected thus: four red LEDs to GPIO port 15, four green LEDs to GPIO port 18, four blue LEDs to GPIO port 23. The cathodes are connected to GPIO port 2. It is clear that one row uses four GPIO ports hence all four rows use up all the ports available.

If you find this confusing let me assure you that it confused me too, at first.

Notice also that the connections to the LEDs are very close together. In fact  they are on a 0.1 inch grid and you need to have a steady hand with a soldering iron to solder those tightly packed joints. One of the reasons why I switched the LEDs in parallel – it cut out a great many resistor connections!

 

The program

Below is a little demonstration program written in BBC BASIC which shows the workings of the above. It cycles all the rows of LEDs through the colours r g b c m y w and looks very pretty indeed.
 

Below is a link to an archive containing the demo-program and the draw file of the pcb.

RGB_PCB.zip

Here is a link to a video of the project:

Flashing like mad


 

   10 REM RGB_LED_Demo
   20 REM Play with 16 multi coloured LEDs
   30 REM Jochen Lueg
   40 REM January 2013
   50 REM http://roevalley.com
   60 
   70 ON ERROR PROCerror:STOP
   80 
   90 PROCinit
  100 
  110 
  120 REM Red, green and blue
  130 REM Flash red
  140 T%=40
  150 
  160 REM Flash red
  170 PROCrgb_flash(0,1,1,R1%,G1%,B1%,S1%,T%)
  180 
  190 REM shift red
  200 PROCturn_on(0,1,1,R2%,G2%,B2%,S2%)
  210 REM Flash green
  220 PROCrgb_flash(1,0,1,R1%,G1%,B1%,S1%,T%)
  230 
  240 REM Shift red
  250 PROCturn_on(0,1,1,R3%,G3%,B3%,S3%)
  260 REM Shift green
  270 PROCturn_on(1,0,1,R2%,G2%,B2%,S2%)
  280 REM Flash blue
  290 PROCrgb_flash(1,1,0,R1%,G1%,B1%,S1%,T%)
  300 REPEAT
  310   REM Shift red
  320   PROCturn_on(0,1,1,R4%,G4%,B4%,S4%)
  330   REM Shift green
  340   PROCturn_on(1,0,1,R3%,G3%,B3%,S3%)
  350   REM Shift blue
  360   PROCturn_on(1,1,0,R2%,G2%,B2%,S2%)
  370   REM Flash cyan
  380   PROCrgb_flash(1,0,0,R1%,G1%,B1%,S1%,T%)
  390   
  400   REM Shift green
  410   PROCturn_on(1,0,1,R4%,G4%,B4%,S4%)
  420   REM Shift blue
  430   PROCturn_on(1,1,0,R3%,G3%,B3%,S3%)
  440   REM Shift cyan
  450   PROCturn_on(1,0,0,R2%,G2%,B2%,S2%)
  460   REM Flash magenta
  470   PROCrgb_flash(0,1,0,R1%,G1%,B1%,S1%,T%)
  480   
  490   REM Shift blue
  500   PROCturn_on(1,1,0,R4%,G4%,B4%,S4%)
  510   REM Shift cyan
  520   PROCturn_on(1,0,0,R3%,G3%,B3%,S3%)
  530   REM Shift magenta
  540   PROCturn_on(0,1,0,R2%,G2%,B2%,S2%)
  550   REM flash yellow
  560   PROCrgb_flash(0,0,1,R1%,G1%,B1%,S1%,T%)
  570   
  580   REM Shift cyan
  590   PROCturn_on(1,0,0,R4%,G4%,B4%,S4%)
  600   REM Shift magenta
  610   PROCturn_on(0,1,0,R3%,G3%,B3%,S3%)
  620   REM Shift yellow
  630   PROCturn_on(0,0,1,R2%,G2%,B2%,S2%)
  640   REM flash white
  650   PROCrgb_flash(0,0,0,R1%,G1%,B1%,S1%,T%)
  660   
  670   REM Shift magenta
  680   PROCturn_on(0,1,0,R4%,G4%,B4%,S4%)
  690   REM Shift yellow
  700   PROCturn_on(0,0,1,R3%,G3%,B3%,S3%)
  710   REM Shift white
  720   PROCturn_on(0,0,0,R2%,G2%,B2%,S2%)
  730   REM Flash red
  740   PROCrgb_flash(0,1,1,R1%,G1%,B1%,S1%,T%)
  750   
  760   REM Shift yellow
  770   PROCturn_on(0,0,1,R4%,G4%,B4%,S4%)
  780   REM Shift white
  790   PROCturn_on(0,0,0,R3%,G3%,B3%,S3%)
  800   REM Shift red
  810   PROCturn_on(0,1,1,R2%,G2%,B2%,S2%)
  820   REM Flah green
  830   PROCrgb_flash(1,0,1,R1%,G1%,B1%,S1%,T%)
  840   
  850   REM Shift white
  860   PROCturn_on(0,0,0,R4%,G4%,B4%,S4%)
  870   REM Shift red
  880   PROCturn_on(0,1,1,R3%,G3%,B3%,S3%)
  890   REM Shift green
  900   PROCturn_on(1,0,1,R2%,G2%,B2%,S2%)
  910   REM Flash blue
  920   PROCrgb_flash(1,1,0,R1%,G1%,B1%,S1%,T%)
  930   
  940   
  950 UNTIL FALSE
  960 *QUIT
  970 STOP
  980 
  990 DEFPROCrandom
 1000 
 1010 FOR J%=0 TO 15
 1020   SYS"GPIO_WriteData",Port%(J%),0
 1030 NEXT
 1040 
 1050 ENDPROC
 1060 
 1070 
 1080 
 1090 DEFPROCrgb_flash(r%,g%,b%,R%,G%,B%,S%,t%)
 1100 SYS"GPIO_WriteData",R%,r%
 1110 SYS"GPIO_WriteData",G%,g%
 1120 SYS"GPIO_WriteData",B%,b%
 1130 SYS"GPIO_WriteData",S%,1
 1140 Key$=INKEY$(1)
 1150 IF Key$="1" T%=10
 1160 IF Key$="2" T%=20
 1170 IF Key$="3" T%=30
 1180 IF Key$="4" T%=40
 1190 IF Key$="5" T%=50
 1200 IF Key$="6" T%=60
 1210 IF Key$="7" T%=70
 1220 IF Key$="8" T%=80
 1230 IF Key$="Q" OR Key$="q" PROCstop:END
 1240 
 1250 TIME=0:REPEAT UNTIL TIME>T%
 1260 ENDPROC
 1270 
 1280 
 1290 DEFPROCturn_on(r%,g%,b%,R%,G%,B%,S%)
 1300 SYS"GPIO_WriteData",R%,r%
 1310 SYS"GPIO_WriteData",G%,g%
 1320 SYS"GPIO_WriteData",B%,b%
 1330 SYS"GPIO_WriteData",S%,1
 1340 ENDPROC
 1350 
 1360 
 1370 DEFPROCstop
 1390 FOR J%=0 TO 15
 1400   SYS"GPIO_WriteData",Port%(J%),0
 1410 NEXT
 1440 ENDPROC
 1450 
 1460 
 1470 DEFPROCerror
 1520 PROCstop
 1530 PRINT REPORT$;" at line ";ERL:END
 1540 ENDPROC
 1550 
 1560 
 1570 DEFPROCinit
 1580 OSCLI"RMEnsure GPIO 0.00 RMLoad GPIO"
 1590 OSCLI"RMensure GPIO 0.40 ERROR Please install the GPIO module"
 1600 
 1610 SYS"GPIO_EnableI2C",0
 1620 SYS"GPIO_ExpAsGPIO",2
 1630 
 1640 DIM Port%(15)
 1650 REM ISSUE 2 Interface board 5x16
 1660 Port%()=2,3,4,17,27,22,10,9,11,7,8,25,24,23,18,15
 1670 REM Set up the otput lines
 1680 FOR J%=0 TO 15
 1690   SYS"GPIO_WriteMode",Port%(J%),1
 1700 NEXT
 1710 
 1720 R1%=15:G1%=18:B1%=23:S1%=2
 1730 R2%=24:G2%=25:B2%=8:S2%=3
 1740 R3%=7:G3%=11:B3%=9:S3%=4
 1750 R4%=10:G4%=22:B4%=27:S4%=17
 1760 ENDPROC

About The Author

Ibrar Ayyub

I am an experienced technical writer holding a Master's degree in computer science from BZU Multan, Pakistan University. With a background spanning various industries, particularly in home automation and engineering, I have honed my skills in crafting clear and concise content. Proficient in leveraging infographics and diagrams, I strive to simplify complex concepts for readers. My strength lies in thorough research and presenting information in a structured and logical format.

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